In order to simplify and clarify, I decided to make a brief list & descriptor (in no particular order) of the major energy crops, focusing on the perennial grasses. There are also non-grass cellulosic energy crops (such as poplar, willow, Jatropha and Agave--see previous blog post), which I will not go into here. Disclaimer: this is hardly an exhaustive description of all of these grasses, just what I choose to include...
1) Miscanthus (known sometimes as Elephant grass or Amur silver grass, this includes mainly the sterile hybrid Miscanthus x giganteus, but also relatives such as M. sinensis, M. sacchariflorus, M. floridulus). Tropical to temperate. Native to Asia & Africa.
Advantages: No fertilizer (nitrogen) input required, low degree of invasiveness (hybrid M. x giganteus is sterile), cold-tolerant, highly productive (see photo above!!), a carbon neutral source of fuel when life-cycle is considered, lots of natural variation in M. sinensis & M. sacchariflorus, can grow on marginal lands
Disadvantages: high initial planting costs (must plant rhizomes rather than seeds, due to sterility), M.x giganteus plants typically grown are all cuttings from a single genetic clone (greater genetic variation is typically favored), fairly high water needs during growing season--limits use in arid western U.S.
2) Switchgrass (commonly known as panic grass, Panicum virgatum) Native to North America.
Disadvantages: roughly half as productive as Miscanthus in most climates, relatively high water needs during warm growing season (spring/summer) which limits use in much of the western U.S.
3) Maize (corn). Native to North America. Annual rather than perennial.
Disadvantages: very high fertilizer and water input needs--leading to high carbon costs, not as prolific as dedicated cellulosic perennial grasses, growth for ethanol production competes with growth for food
4) Sugarcane (many species of Sachharum) Tropical to warm temperate climates, Native to South Asia. Brazil is the largest grower of sugarcane, where they generate ethanol as a by-product of sugar production. Brazil is self-sufficient in terms of fuel production due to this investment in sugarcane-based ethanol.
Disadvantages: very water intensive, grows in tropical (warm) climates only thereby limiting its growth in the primarily temperate U.S., not typically grown for cellulosic biofuel production
5) Energy cane (sugarcane hybrids produced to make low sugar varieties).
Disadvantages: unless a "no sugar" variety is developed, separate conversions to ethanol are necessary (e.g., different process to convert sugar to ethanol vs. converting cellulose to ethanol), relatively high water needs, initial planting costs are high/intensive (established from cuttings rather than seeds), not cold-tolerant
6) Sweet sorghum (many varieties of Sorghum with high sugar content). Native to tropical and sub-tropical regions on all continents (except Antarctica)
Disadvantages: grown primarily for sugar conversion directly to ethanol rather than as a cellulosic form of ethanol production...but could be used for both (like energy cane), annual rather than perennial, high fertilizer needs, susceptible to pests, not cold tolerant
7) Native prairie (many species, primarily Switchgrass [Panicum virgatum], Indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans], Eastern Gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides), Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and others)
Disadvantages: generates only a fraction of the productivity compared with dedicated energy crops